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Asylum architecture
Asylum Architecture in the United States, including the architecture of psychiatric hospitals, had an impact on the changing methods of treating the mentally ill in the nineteenth century: the architecture was considered part of the cure. Doctors believed that ninety percent of insanity cases were curable, but only if treated outside the home, in large-scale buildings. Nineteenth-century psychiatrists considered the architecture of asylums, especially their planning, to be one of the most powerful tools for the treatment of the insane, targeting social as well as biological factors to facilitate the treatment of mental illnesses. The construction and usage of these quasi-public buildings served to legitimize developing ideas in psychiatry. About 300 psychiatric hospitals, known at the time as insane asylums or colloquially as “loony bins” or “nuthouses,” were constructed in the United States before 1900.〔Yanni, Architecture of Madness, citing Hurd.〕 Asylum architecture is notable for the way similar floor plans were built in a wide range of architectural styles.〔http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~asylums/ Historic Asylums of America〕
==Theory and Development of Asylum Architecture==
The medical profession of psychiatry, known as "Asylum Medicine" from about 1830 on, in insane hospitals was instrumental in the planning and development of asylum architecture. Nineteenth-century philosophers and architectural theorists argued that the natural and built environment shaped behavior. The doctors who promoted the establishment of mental hospitals used the same rhetoric as social reformers and park enthusiasts: that nature was curative, exercise therapeutic, and the city a source of vice.〔Henry P. Stearns, “The Relations of Insanity to Modern Civilization,” Scribner’s Monthly 17 (February 1879), 586〕 Early psychiatrists assumed that mental derangement was caused by environmental factors, particularly the tensions present in the individual’s current domestic or social environment,〔John M. Galt, “The Farm of St. Anne,” American Journal of Insanity 11 (1854-55), 354.〕 which in turn suggested that a changed setting might alleviate psychic pain. Psychiatrists, also known as medical superintendents, collaborated with architects to enhance the new social environment of the insane asylum. A series of plans, such as the Kirkbride plan and the Cottage plan, resulted from this collaboration, developed using theories that would help facilitate the treatment of patients.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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